.NET/Java PDF, Tiff, Barcode SDK Library

Throughout the code in this chapter, as well as that in 2, you have used attr_accessor within classes to provide attributes for your objects. attr_accessor allows you to do this:

The following program writes out the numbers from 1 to 100: for number in range(1,101): print number Notice that this is much more compact than the while loop I used earlier.

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With the BBP approach, you re always certain that the main point of a chart is fully explained by the headline that s because you always clarify the point you want to make in the form of a headline before you select the chart to explain it. If someone was not

class Person attr_accessor :name, :age end x = Person.new x.name = "Fred" x.age = 10 puts x.name, x.age

However, in reality, attr_accessor isn t doing anything magical. It s simply writing some code for you. This code is equivalent to the single attr_accessor :name, :age line in the preceding Person class:

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class Person def name @name end def name=(name) @name = name end def age @age end def age=(age) @age = age end end

This code defines the name and age methods that return the current object variables for those attributes, so that x.name and x.age (as in the prior code) work. It also defines two setter methods that assign the values to the @name and @age object variables. If you pay attention to the names of the setter methods, you ll see they re the same as the methods that return values but suffixed with an equal sign (=). This means they re the methods that are run for code such as x.name = "Fred" and x.age = 10. In Ruby, assignments are just calls to regular methods! Indeed, x.name = "Fred" is merely shorthand for writing x.name=("Fred").

To loop over the keys of a dictionary, you can use a plain for statement, just as you can with sequences: d = {'x': 1, 'y': 2, 'z': 3} for key in d: print key, 'corresponds to', d[key] In Python versions before 2.2, you would have used a dictionary method such as keys to retrieve the keys (since direct iteration over dictionaries wasn t allowed). If only the values were of interest, you could have used d.values instead of d.keys. You may remember that d.items returns key-value pairs as tuples. One great thing about for loops is that you can use sequence unpacking in them: for key, value in d.items(): print key, 'corresponds to', value To make your iteration more efficient, you can use the methods iterkeys (equivalent to the plain for loop), itervalues, or iteritems. (These don t return lists, but iterators, which are explained in 9.)

Your dungeon now has the basic classes in place, but there s still no way to create rooms, so let s add a method to the Dungeon class:

present to hear your narration, you provide them with a handout of a Notes Page version of the slide that includes the headline, chart, and off-screen notes area explanation. Displaying the chart over a series of slides that are mapped to a sequence of headlines, as described in 7, helps to introduce the new information in smaller pieces at an appropriate pace for the audience to understand. To keep a chart free of clutter and focused on the data at hand, simplify its formatting by removing excess lines, graphical treatments, colors, and grids. Avoid adding unnecessary ornamentation or special effects that can inhibit the audience s ability to understand information, as described in 2. Strive for a minimalist style that will allow the numbers to speak for themselves. When you need to show your numbers using a chart, consider consulting one of the books that can help you to display data effectively, including Stephen Few, Show Me the Numbers: Designing Tables and Graphs to Enlighten (Analytics Press, 2004). The screen captures (lower left and lower right) in Figure 8-32 include arrows created using the PowerPoint drawing tools to highlight important information that visually explains the headline.

class Dungeon def add_room(reference, name, description, connections) @rooms << Room.new(reference, name, description, connections) end end